Instead, neutralizing antibodies are associated with protective immunity against secondary infection with SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV in nonhuman primates ( 3, 22– 25). Neutralizing antibodies have generally not correlated with lessened COVID-19 disease severity ( 5, 19, 20), which was also observed for Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by MERS-CoV ( 21). Ineffective innate immunity has been strongly associated with a lack of control of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection and a high risk of fatal COVID-19 ( 8– 12), accompanied by innate cell immunopathology ( 13– 18). Studies of acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients have observed that T cell responses are associated with reduced disease ( 5– 7), suggesting that SARS-CoV-2–specific CD4 + T cell and CD8 + T cell responses may be important for control and resolution of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection. Humans make SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection ( 1– 4). Smith, Daniela Weiskopf, Alessandro Sette, and Shane Crotty Show FewerĬoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a serious disease that has resulted in widespread global morbidity and mortality. Rawlings, Bjoern Peters, Florian Krammer, Viviana Simon, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Davey M.
Ramirez, Sonya Haupt, April Frazier, Catherine Nakao, Vamseedhar Rayaprolu, Stephen A. Faliti, Alba Grifoni, … Show All …, Sydney I.
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